runa/docs/protocol.md

Runa Protocol

runa-protocol defines versioned request, response, and event data contracts for clients and the runa dispatcher. It is independent of transport and runtime implementation. runa accepts WebSocket text messages bound to an IPv4 or IPv6 loopback address, defaulting to 127.0.0.1:3737 without arguments. Clap parses --listen / RUNA_LISTEN on the server and --connect / RUNA_CONNECT on runa-cli; explicit flags override environment variables. The listener is unauthenticated and intended only for trusted local development. Both the REPL and VS Code use WebSockets.

Version 4

Every request and response carries version: 5. Requests also carry a non-empty request_id used to correlate the response. A server must reject unsupported versions with unsupported_version rather than interpreting a request using a different contract. Events carry the protocol version and do not have a request ID.

Requests have a tagged command object:

{
  "version": 5,
  "request_id": "req-1",
  "command": {
    "operation": "send",
    "parameters": {
      "actor_ref": "xK8_pQ2-Lm5_012345678",
      "message": {
        "type": "record",
        "data": {
          "op": { "type": "string", "data": "send" },
          "value": { "type": "integer", "data": 9 },
          "target": { "type": "actor_ref", "data": "Hj2_9sM0-pQ4_7aBcD3eF" }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

The version 5 operations are source listing/read/write, commit/history/revision retrieval/rollback, actor spawn, send, tick, inspect, actor listing, event retrieval, privileged system messages, and cancellation. Migration closures are intentionally excluded: they are host callbacks, not portable wire values.

Source paths are extensionless relative paths such as actors/counter, not behavior aliases. They exclude the source/ root and .rn extension.

Operation	Parameters	Reply kind/data
list_sources	none	sources: file array
read_source	path	source: file
write_source	path, expected_source_id (null to create), source	source: file
commit_source	path	source_committed: commit
source_history	path	source_history: commit array
revision_source	path, revision	behavior_source: {source}
rollback_source	path, revision	source: restored file
spawn	path, tagged state, positive mailbox_capacity	actor_spawned: {actor_ref}
system	actor_ref, message	acknowledged

A file is {path, source_id, source} and a commit is {revision, source_id}. Commits generate readable random revision strings and capture working text without compilation. Rollback restores working source without appending history. Spawn compiles current working source even when uncommitted; compilation failures do not spawn an actor.

System message shape is {kind: "stop"|"kill"|"restart"|"pause"|"resume"|"reload"} or {kind: "become", path: "actors/other"}. This is a trusted host request; actor ctx.send and ctx.send_from accept only ordinary data. Stop runs optional on_shutdown after the active handler and removes the actor on success. Kill removes the actor immediately without shutdown, including failed actors. Removed references return not_found; state, mailbox, and retained logs are discarded. Failed actors are not automatically removed. A Stopped event denotes removal, and image_changed invalidates actor lists. Restart is independent of stop/kill and retains identity, mailbox, the loaded script and state; removed actors cannot be restarted. Reload/become defer installation to the next handler boundary. The scheduler still advances only through tick.

Responses echo the request ID and carry either a typed reply or a protocol error. Events use a separate versioned envelope. Actor and source snapshots are wire DTOs, not serialized runtime objects; implementation identities are represented by their stable display strings. Public actor identity is a 21-character URL-safe NanoID string carried in actor_ref. The server maps known service failures to the defined error codes and otherwise uses runtime_failure rather than claiming a more specific category.

Portable values

Spawn state, send messages, snapshot state/mailbox/reservations, and migration event states use the same tagged value shape:

Value	JSON
Null	{"type":"null"}
Boolean	{"type":"bool","data":true}
Signed 64-bit integer	{"type":"integer","data":42}
String	{"type":"string","data":"hello"}
List	{"type":"list","data":[<value>, ...]}
Record	{"type":"record","data":{"key":<value>, ...}}
Actor reference	{"type":"actor_ref","data":"<21-character-NanoID>"}

References are distinct from strings. Their shape is validated even when nested; existence is checked when a reference is used as a send destination, not merely stored as data. The old message envelope and protocol v2 are not accepted. The REPL's natural JSON and $actor/$record conveniences are client syntax, not wire encodings.

Each state/message permits a maximum nesting depth of 32 (root depth 0), 4,096 nodes, and 1 MiB of UTF-8 string/key bytes. Requests are also subject to the transport's 1 MiB total message limit, including tags and envelope. Unsupported value tags, malformed references, floats, and out-of-range integers fail decoding; well-formed requests exceeding value limits receive invalid_request. Invalid Rune transition output fails the actor without acknowledging the reserved message, changing committed state, or enqueueing any of its sends.

get_events drains and returns the events currently accumulated by this single-worker image. It is not a durable subscription or replayable event log. The transport limits each request to 1 MiB before parsing. Malformed JSON or an oversized message terminates that connection with an error; no protocol response is emitted when a request cannot be decoded. A WebSocket disconnect closes only that client connection. The listener allows up to 16 simultaneous clients and serializes each dispatch through the same image. WebSocket response payloads are capped at 1 MiB, with one in-flight dispatch per client and a bounded shared dispatch queue. Every local client can use the full development API; loopback binding is not authentication or authorization. Remote access must not be enabled until appropriate authentication and authorization exist. The runa-client crate validates response protocol versions and request IDs. Its WebSocketClient connects to loopback endpoints using bounded WebSocket messages and correlation checks, validating interleaved notifications while waiting for responses. Connection establishment has a 5-second timeout; WebSocket writes and response waits have 30-second timeouts. A failed network request invalidates that client connection. No automatic retry is performed: loss of a response does not imply that the operation failed to commit.

The interactive REPL uses WebSockets and never owns the image. Disconnecting clients does not stop actors or reset source history; reconnecting clients can retrieve them through list_actors and list_sources. The network executable loads source/actors/counter.rn on image startup, not on connection. The stdio transport and child-process client have been removed.

The TypeScript VS Code client issues list_actors, inspect_actor, source file/version-control operations, spawn, send, tick, and system. VS Code automatically displays writable image files under a source directory in its dedicated Runa sidebar's source tree, without modifying workspace folders, and caches read-only commit documents by connection, path, and revision. It preserves i64 inputs and bounds the complete outgoing envelope as well as incoming messages. It enforces loopback endpoints, bounded UTF-8 text messages, version/request-ID/reply-kind checks, and portable snapshot value validation. It decodes JSON integers as bigint and prints them losslessly, including signed 64-bit state and unsigned 64-bit telemetry. It uses the same 5-second connect and 30-second request timeouts, closes on transport/protocol corruption, and never retries automatically. A well-formed server error is surfaced without invalidating the stream. Server notifications trigger automatic refreshes of the actor tree and open snapshot documents. Manual refresh remains available.

WebSocket transport and notifications

Actor editing and log subscriptions (v5)

• edit_actor {actor_ref,state,messages}: state is a tagged portable value or null to leave it unchanged. messages is null to leave the mailbox unchanged, or {reserved,queued} where reserved is a tagged value or null for no reservation, and queued is an ordered array of tagged values. At least one edit is required. Only paused/failed actors with no active execution are editable; values and mailbox capacity are validated atomically.
• set_log_level {actor_ref,level}: level is one of trace, debug, info, warn, error, fatal. Both mutations return acknowledged and invalidate image views. Actor snapshots include log_level.
• logs {actors,follow,after}: actors is an array of references (empty means all); after is an exclusive u64 sequence cursor. Reply kind logs carries {entries,next_sequence,has_more}, with at most 128 entries per page. Each entry is {sequence,actor_ref,level,message}. Missing actors are errors. History queries are read-only and do not invalidate views.
• With follow true, the connection registers the filter before history is read. Subsequent notification envelopes carry {event:"log",data:{sequence,actor_ref,level,message}}. Reissuing logs replaces the filter; follow false unsubscribes. Matching entries newer than the reply's cursor are emitted after its reply, allowing history/follow deduplication by sequence. Other connections receive no log events. Transport and client buffers are bounded at 1,024 entries; lag is an explicit connection error, not a guaranteed-delivery stream. Disconnect removes the subscription. Image invalidations remain coalescible and independent of logs.

On quit, exit, Ctrl+C, or end-of-input, the CLI completes the WebSocket close handshake with a 5-second deadline before releasing the connection. A failed handshake is reported rather than treating an abrupt reset as a normal close.

Connect to ws://127.0.0.1:3737/ (or a configured numeric loopback endpoint) and offer the runa-debug WebSocket subprotocol. The server requires and echoes that subprotocol. Plain TCP JSON Lines is no longer accepted by the network listener. The request/response contract is version 5. Each WebSocket text message contains exactly one JSON request, response, or notification, without newline framing. Binary messages and malformed requests terminate the connection. Fragmented text is supported with a 1 MiB aggregate message limit; individual frames are also limited to 1 MiB. Compression is not enabled. Upgrade handshakes have a 5-second timeout and writes have a 30-second timeout so stalled peers do not hold client slots forever.

The endpoint accepts only the root path and rejects requests carrying an Origin header: browser-origin access is not enabled for this unauthenticated local API. This is not authentication; local non-browser clients retain full development privileges.

Every upgraded connection automatically receives non-destructive invalidations:

{
  "version": 5,
  "event": {
    "event": "image_changed",
    "data": { "revision": 42 }
  }
}

Successful mutating requests (spawn, send, tick, lifecycle controls, source writes/commits/rollback, and system messages) increment a server-session revision and notify all connected clients, including the initiator. Read-only requests, failed mutations, and get_events do not generate invalidations. A tick invalidates snapshots even when it only advances execution telemetry or causes an actor failure. A successful send invalidates mailbox snapshots before any handler runs. Notifications may appear between requests and their replies; clients must distinguish them from correlated responses.

Revisions increase within one server session, not across server restarts. Slow subscribers retain only the latest unsent revision; gaps are expected. These notifications are hints to re-fetch authoritative data, not individual runtime events, a durable log, an atomic snapshot revision, or replay. On connection/reconnection, fetch a full listing first. The VS Code client coalesces bursts and schedules another refresh if an invalidation arrives during an in-flight read. Refresh never advances the scheduler or calls get_events; the REPL's explicit events command still drains the separate runtime queue.

The current validation checks the protocol version, request ID, actor-reference shape, structured-value limits, revision ID shape, non-empty paths, mailbox capacity, and instruction budget. Canonical source paths, actor existence, expected source identities, mailbox capacity at send time, and all runtime invariants remain authoritative at the application-service boundary.