runa/crates/runa-runtime/src/lib.rs

//! Single-worker, in-memory actor runtime. No durability or preemption guarantees.

use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, VecDeque};
use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
use std::task::{Context, Wake, Waker};

use runa_actor::{
    ActorRef, ActorSnapshot, Envelope, Event, ExecutionSnapshot, MailboxId, Message, Status,
    SystemMessage,
};
use runa_code::CompiledArtifact;
use runa_core::{
    DebugStopReason, DebuggerSnapshot, ImplementationId, LogEntry, LogLevel, SourceBreakpoint,
    Value,
};
use runa_rune::{
    ActorContext, ActorLogs, ExperimentResult, Invocation, Slice, value_from_rune, value_to_rune,
};

pub type RuntimeResult<T> = ExperimentResult<T>;

struct WakeFlag(AtomicBool);
impl Wake for WakeFlag {
    fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {
        self.0.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
    }

    fn wake_by_ref(self: &Arc<Self>) {
        self.0.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
    }
}

struct Actor {
    snapshot: ActorSnapshot,
    mailbox: VecDeque<Envelope>,
    capacity: NonZeroUsize,
    active: Option<Invocation<rune::Value>>,
    context: ActorContext,
    reserved_sender: Option<ActorRef>,
    stopping: bool,
    shutdown: bool,
    pending_install: Option<ImplementationId>,
    wake: Arc<WakeFlag>,
    paused_from: Option<Status>,
    debugger: DebuggerSnapshot,
    breakpoint_ips: BTreeSet<usize>,
    skip_breakpoint: Option<usize>,
}

#[derive(Default)]
pub struct Runtime {
    actors: BTreeMap<ActorRef, Actor>,
    implementations: BTreeMap<ImplementationId, Arc<CompiledArtifact>>,
    next_mailbox: u64,
    events: Vec<Event>,
    logs: Rc<RefCell<ActorLogs>>,
}

#[derive(Clone, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
pub struct RuntimeSnapshot {
    actors: Vec<SavedActor>,
    next_mailbox: u64,
    log_sequence: u64,
}

#[derive(Clone, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
#[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
struct SavedActor {
    actor_ref: ActorRef,
    implementation: ImplementationId,
    incarnation: u64,
    state: Value,
    status: Status,
    capacity: usize,
    mailbox_id: u64,
    mailbox: Vec<Envelope>,
    reserved: Option<Envelope>,
    pending_install: Option<ImplementationId>,
    log_level: LogLevel,
    stopping: bool,
    shutdown: bool,
}

impl Runtime {
    pub fn pending_implementation(
        &self,
        actor: ActorRef,
    ) -> ExperimentResult<Option<ImplementationId>> {
        Ok(self
            .actors
            .get(&actor)
            .ok_or("unknown actor")?
            .pending_install)
    }

    pub fn require_snapshot_boundary(&self) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        if self.actors.values().any(|actor| {
            actor.active.is_some()
                || ((actor.stopping || actor.shutdown)
                    && !matches!(actor.snapshot.status, Status::Failed(_)))
        }) {
            return Err("cannot snapshot image: an actor has an unfinished handler or shutdown; finish it first".into());
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn snapshot(&self) -> ExperimentResult<RuntimeSnapshot> {
        self.require_snapshot_boundary()?;
        let actors = self
            .actors
            .values()
            .map(|actor| SavedActor {
                actor_ref: actor.snapshot.actor_ref,
                implementation: actor.snapshot.implementation,
                incarnation: actor.snapshot.incarnation,
                state: actor.snapshot.state.clone(),
                status: actor.snapshot.status.clone(),
                capacity: actor.capacity.get(),
                mailbox_id: actor.snapshot.mailbox.0,
                mailbox: actor.mailbox.iter().cloned().collect(),
                reserved: actor.snapshot.reserved.clone().map(|message| Envelope {
                    sender: actor.reserved_sender,
                    message,
                }),
                pending_install: actor.pending_install,
                log_level: actor.snapshot.log_level,
                stopping: actor.stopping,
                shutdown: actor.shutdown,
            })
            .collect();
        Ok(RuntimeSnapshot {
            actors,
            next_mailbox: self.next_mailbox,
            log_sequence: self.logs.borrow().sequence(),
        })
    }

    pub fn restore_actors(
        &mut self,
        saved: RuntimeSnapshot,
        previous: &Self,
    ) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        if !self.actors.is_empty() {
            return Err("restore requires a fresh runtime".into());
        }
        let mut staged = Self {
            implementations: self.implementations.clone(),
            ..Self::default()
        };
        staged.restore_actors_in_place(saved.actors, previous)?;
        if saved.next_mailbox < staged.next_mailbox {
            return Err("snapshot mailbox counter precedes a saved mailbox".into());
        }
        staged.next_mailbox = saved.next_mailbox.max(previous.next_mailbox);
        staged
            .logs
            .borrow_mut()
            .restore_sequence(saved.log_sequence)?;
        *self = staged;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn restore_actors_in_place(
        &mut self,
        saved: Vec<SavedActor>,
        previous: &Self,
    ) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut mailboxes = BTreeSet::new();
        for actor in saved {
            if self.actors.contains_key(&actor.actor_ref)
                || actor.mailbox_id == 0
                || !mailboxes.insert(actor.mailbox_id)
            {
                return Err("duplicate or invalid snapshot actor/mailbox identity".into());
            }
            if actor.incarnation == 0
                || !matches!(
                    actor.status,
                    Status::Idle | Status::Paused | Status::Failed(_)
                )
                || (actor.reserved.is_some() && !matches!(actor.status, Status::Failed(_)))
                || ((actor.stopping || actor.shutdown)
                    && !matches!(actor.status, Status::Failed(_)))
            {
                return Err("invalid snapshot actor lifecycle".into());
            }
            let capacity =
                NonZeroUsize::new(actor.capacity).ok_or("invalid snapshot mailbox capacity")?;
            if actor.mailbox.len() + usize::from(actor.reserved.is_some()) > actor.capacity {
                return Err("snapshot mailbox exceeds capacity".into());
            }
            actor.state.validate()?;
            for envelope in actor.mailbox.iter().chain(actor.reserved.iter()) {
                envelope.message.validate()?;
            }
            if !self.implementations.contains_key(&actor.implementation)
                || actor
                    .pending_install
                    .is_some_and(|id| !self.implementations.contains_key(&id))
            {
                return Err("snapshot actor implementation is unavailable".into());
            }
            let incarnation = previous
                .actors
                .get(&actor.actor_ref)
                .map_or(actor.incarnation, |old| {
                    old.snapshot.incarnation.max(actor.incarnation)
                })
                .checked_add(1)
                .ok_or("actor incarnation exhausted")?;
            self.next_mailbox = self.next_mailbox.max(actor.mailbox_id);
            self.logs
                .borrow_mut()
                .set_level(actor.actor_ref, actor.log_level);
            let (reserved, reserved_sender) = actor.reserved.map_or((None, None), |envelope| {
                (Some(envelope.message), envelope.sender)
            });
            self.actors.insert(
                actor.actor_ref,
                Actor {
                    snapshot: ActorSnapshot {
                        log_level: actor.log_level,
                        actor_ref: actor.actor_ref,
                        mailbox: MailboxId(actor.mailbox_id),
                        implementation: actor.implementation,
                        incarnation,
                        state: actor.state,
                        status: actor.status.clone(),
                        execution: None,
                        queued: Vec::new(),
                        reserved,
                    },
                    mailbox: actor.mailbox.into(),
                    capacity,
                    active: None,
                    context: ActorContext::with_logs(actor.actor_ref, Rc::clone(&self.logs)),
                    reserved_sender,
                    stopping: actor.stopping,
                    shutdown: actor.shutdown,
                    pending_install: actor.pending_install,
                    wake: Arc::new(WakeFlag(AtomicBool::new(true))),
                    paused_from: matches!(actor.status, Status::Paused).then_some(Status::Idle),
                    debugger: DebuggerSnapshot::default(),
                    breakpoint_ips: BTreeSet::new(),
                    skip_breakpoint: None,
                },
            );
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn pause_for_snapshot(&mut self) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        self.require_snapshot_boundary()?;
        let running: Vec<_> = self
            .actors
            .values()
            .filter(|actor| matches!(actor.snapshot.status, Status::Idle))
            .map(|actor| actor.snapshot.actor_ref)
            .collect();
        for actor in running {
            self.pause(actor)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn transfer_log_sink(&mut self, previous: &mut Self) {
        self.logs
            .borrow_mut()
            .transfer_sink(&mut previous.logs.borrow_mut());
    }

    pub fn restore_logs(&mut self, entries: Vec<LogEntry>) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        if entries
            .iter()
            .any(|entry| !self.actors.contains_key(&entry.actor_ref))
        {
            return Err("snapshot logs reference an unknown actor".into());
        }
        self.logs.borrow_mut().restore_entries(entries)
    }

    pub fn publish(
        &mut self,
        artifact: Arc<CompiledArtifact>,
    ) -> ExperimentResult<ImplementationId> {
        let id = artifact.implementation_id;
        if let Some(existing) = self.implementations.get(&id) {
            if existing.source_id != artifact.source_id {
                return Err("implementation identity collision".into());
            }
            return Ok(id);
        }
        self.implementations.insert(id, artifact);
        Ok(id)
    }

    pub fn spawn(
        &mut self,
        implementation: ImplementationId,
        state: Value,
        capacity: NonZeroUsize,
    ) -> ExperimentResult<ActorRef> {
        if !self.implementations.contains_key(&implementation) {
            return Err("unknown implementation".into());
        }
        state.validate()?;
        self.next_mailbox = self
            .next_mailbox
            .checked_add(1)
            .ok_or("mailbox IDs exhausted")?;
        let mut actor_ref = ActorRef::new();
        while self.actors.contains_key(&actor_ref) {
            actor_ref = ActorRef::new();
        }
        self.actors.insert(
            actor_ref,
            Actor {
                snapshot: ActorSnapshot {
                    log_level: LogLevel::Info,
                    actor_ref,
                    mailbox: MailboxId(self.next_mailbox),
                    implementation,
                    incarnation: 1,
                    state,
                    status: Status::Idle,
                    execution: None,
                    queued: Vec::new(),
                    reserved: None,
                },
                mailbox: VecDeque::new(),
                capacity,
                active: None,
                context: ActorContext::with_logs(actor_ref, Rc::clone(&self.logs)),
                reserved_sender: None,
                stopping: false,
                shutdown: false,
                pending_install: None,
                wake: Arc::new(WakeFlag(AtomicBool::new(true))),
                paused_from: None,
                debugger: DebuggerSnapshot::default(),
                breakpoint_ips: BTreeSet::new(),
                skip_breakpoint: None,
            },
        );
        self.events.push(Event::Spawned(actor_ref));
        Ok(actor_ref)
    }

    pub fn send(&mut self, id: ActorRef, message: Message) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        self.send_from(None, id, message)
    }

    pub fn send_from(
        &mut self,
        sender: Option<ActorRef>,
        id: ActorRef,
        message: Message,
    ) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        message.validate()?;
        let actor = self.actors.get_mut(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        if actor.stopping || matches!(actor.snapshot.status, Status::Stopped | Status::Failed(_)) {
            return Err("actor is not accepting messages".into());
        }
        if actor.mailbox.len() + usize::from(actor.snapshot.reserved.is_some())
            >= actor.capacity.get()
        {
            return Err("mailbox full".into());
        }
        actor.mailbox.push_back(Envelope { sender, message });
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn inspect(&self, id: ActorRef) -> ExperimentResult<ActorSnapshot> {
        let actor = self.actors.get(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        let mut snapshot = actor.snapshot.clone();
        snapshot.execution = actor.active.as_ref().map(|invocation| {
            let progress = invocation.progress();
            ExecutionSnapshot {
                vm_steps: progress.vm_steps,
                instruction_pointer: progress.instruction_pointer,
                call_depth: progress.call_depth,
            }
        });
        snapshot.queued = actor
            .mailbox
            .iter()
            .map(|envelope| envelope.message.clone())
            .collect();
        Ok(snapshot)
    }

    pub fn inspect_execution(
        &self,
        id: ActorRef,
    ) -> ExperimentResult<Option<runa_core::ExecutionInspection>> {
        let actor = self.actors.get(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        let Some(invocation) = &actor.active else {
            return Ok(None);
        };
        let artifact = self
            .implementations
            .get(&actor.snapshot.implementation)
            .ok_or("unknown implementation")?;
        Ok(Some(artifact.program().inspect_stack(
            artifact.original_source(),
            &invocation.stack(),
            invocation.progress().vm_steps,
        )))
    }

    pub fn debugger(&self, id: ActorRef) -> ExperimentResult<DebuggerSnapshot> {
        Ok(self
            .actors
            .get(&id)
            .ok_or("unknown actor")?
            .debugger
            .clone())
    }

    pub fn set_breakpoints(
        &mut self,
        id: ActorRef,
        expected: ImplementationId,
        lines: &[usize],
    ) -> ExperimentResult<Vec<SourceBreakpoint>> {
        if lines.len() > 128 || lines.iter().any(|line| *line > u32::MAX as usize) {
            return Err("at most 128 breakpoint lines in the 32-bit line range are allowed".into());
        }
        let actor = self.actors.get_mut(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        if actor.snapshot.implementation != expected {
            return Err("implementation conflict: loaded behavior changed".into());
        }
        let artifact = &self.implementations[&expected];
        let breakpoints = artifact.program().source_breakpoints(lines);
        actor.breakpoint_ips = breakpoints
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|bp| bp.instruction_pointers.iter().copied())
            .collect();
        actor.debugger.breakpoints = breakpoints.clone();
        Ok(breakpoints)
    }

    /// Advance only an already active paused actor, retaining its draft and effects.
    pub fn step_source(
        &mut self,
        id: ActorRef,
        expected: ImplementationId,
        budget: NonZeroUsize,
    ) -> ExperimentResult<DebugStopReason> {
        self.step_source_mode(id, expected, budget, runa_core::StepMode::Into)
    }

    pub fn step_source_mode(
        &mut self,
        id: ActorRef,
        expected: ImplementationId,
        budget: NonZeroUsize,
        mode: runa_core::StepMode,
    ) -> ExperimentResult<DebugStopReason> {
        if budget.get() > 10_000 {
            return Err("debug step budget must not exceed 10000".into());
        }
        let actor = self.actors.get(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        if actor.snapshot.implementation != expected {
            return Err("implementation conflict: loaded behavior changed".into());
        }
        if actor.snapshot.status != Status::Paused || actor.active.is_none() {
            return Err("source stepping requires a paused actor with an active invocation".into());
        }
        let origin = self.inspect_execution(id)?.expect("active invocation");
        let origin_line = origin.frames[0].range.map(|range| range.start.line);
        let actor = self.actors.get_mut(&id).expect("actor checked");
        let invocation = actor.active.as_ref().expect("active invocation");
        actor.skip_breakpoint = Some(invocation.progress().instruction_pointer);
        actor.debugger.stop_reason = None;
        let waker = Waker::from(Arc::clone(&actor.wake));
        let mut cx = Context::from_waker(&waker);
        let mut reason = DebugStopReason::Budget;
        for _ in 0..budget.get() {
            let actor = self.actors.get_mut(&id).expect("actor checked");
            let artifact = &self.implementations[&actor.snapshot.implementation];
            let invocation = actor.active.as_mut().expect("active invocation");
            if breakpoint_hit(
                actor.skip_breakpoint.take(),
                &actor.breakpoint_ips,
                invocation,
            ) {
                reason = DebugStopReason::Breakpoint;
                break;
            }
            match invocation.poll_slice(&mut cx, NonZeroUsize::new(1).unwrap()) {
                Slice::BudgetExhausted => {
                    if breakpoint_hit(None, &actor.breakpoint_ips, invocation) {
                        reason = DebugStopReason::Breakpoint;
                        break;
                    }
                    let stack = invocation.stack();
                    if artifact
                        .program()
                        .current_source_line(&stack)
                        .is_some_and(|line| match mode {
                            runa_core::StepMode::Into => {
                                stack.call_depth != origin.call_depth || Some(line) != origin_line
                            }
                            runa_core::StepMode::Over => {
                                stack.call_depth < origin.call_depth
                                    || (stack.call_depth == origin.call_depth
                                        && Some(line) != origin_line)
                            }
                            runa_core::StepMode::Out => stack.call_depth < origin.call_depth,
                        })
                    {
                        reason = DebugStopReason::Step;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                Slice::Awaiting => {
                    reason = DebugStopReason::Awaiting;
                    break;
                }
                Slice::Completed(value) => {
                    match self.commit(&id, value) {
                        Ok(()) => {
                            reason = if self.actors.contains_key(&id) {
                                DebugStopReason::Completed
                            } else {
                                DebugStopReason::Removed
                            }
                        }
                        Err(error) => {
                            self.fail(&id, error.to_string());
                            reason = DebugStopReason::Failed;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }
                Slice::Failed(error) => {
                    self.fail(&id, error.to_string());
                    reason = DebugStopReason::Failed;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        if let Some(actor) = self.actors.get_mut(&id) {
            actor.debugger.stop_reason = Some(reason);
            if !matches!(actor.snapshot.status, Status::Failed(_)) {
                actor.paused_from = Some(if actor.active.is_none() {
                    Status::Idle
                } else if reason == DebugStopReason::Awaiting {
                    Status::Awaiting
                } else {
                    Status::Running
                });
                actor.snapshot.status = Status::Paused;
                self.events.push(Event::Paused(id));
            }
        }
        Ok(reason)
    }

    pub fn edit_actor(
        &mut self,
        id: ActorRef,
        state: Option<Value>,
        messages: Option<(Option<Message>, Vec<Message>)>,
    ) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let actor = self.actors.get_mut(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        if actor.active.is_some()
            || !matches!(actor.snapshot.status, Status::Paused | Status::Failed(_))
        {
            return Err(
                "editing requires a paused or failed actor with no active invocation".into(),
            );
        }
        if let Some(state) = &state {
            state.validate()?;
        }
        if let Some((reserved, queued)) = &messages {
            for message in reserved.iter().chain(queued) {
                message.validate()?;
            }
            if queued.len() + usize::from(reserved.is_some()) > actor.capacity.get() {
                return Err("mailbox full".into());
            }
        }
        if let Some(state) = state {
            actor.snapshot.state = state;
        }
        let Some((reserved, queued)) = messages else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        // Preserve sender metadata for unchanged messages, including the failed reservation.
        if actor.snapshot.reserved != reserved {
            actor.reserved_sender = None;
        }
        actor.snapshot.reserved = reserved;
        let previous = std::mem::take(&mut actor.mailbox);
        actor.mailbox = queued
            .into_iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(index, message)| {
                let sender = previous
                    .get(index)
                    .filter(|old| old.message == message)
                    .and_then(|old| old.sender);
                Envelope { sender, message }
            })
            .collect();
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn set_log_level(&mut self, id: ActorRef, level: LogLevel) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        self.actors
            .get_mut(&id)
            .ok_or("unknown actor")?
            .snapshot
            .log_level = level;
        self.logs.borrow_mut().set_level(id, level);
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn log_level(&self, id: ActorRef) -> ExperimentResult<LogLevel> {
        self.actors.get(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        Ok(self.logs.borrow().level(id))
    }

    pub fn logs(&self, actors: &[ActorRef], after: u64) -> ExperimentResult<Vec<LogEntry>> {
        for actor in actors {
            self.actors.get(actor).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        }
        Ok(self.logs.borrow().entries(actors, after))
    }

    pub fn set_log_sink(&mut self, sink: impl Fn(LogEntry) + 'static) {
        self.logs.borrow_mut().set_sink(sink);
    }

    pub fn actors(&self) -> Vec<ActorSnapshot> {
        self.actors
            .values()
            .map(|actor| {
                let mut snapshot = actor.snapshot.clone();
                snapshot.execution = actor.active.as_ref().map(|invocation| {
                    let progress = invocation.progress();
                    ExecutionSnapshot {
                        vm_steps: progress.vm_steps,
                        instruction_pointer: progress.instruction_pointer,
                        call_depth: progress.call_depth,
                    }
                });
                snapshot.queued = actor
                    .mailbox
                    .iter()
                    .map(|envelope| envelope.message.clone())
                    .collect();
                snapshot
            })
            .collect()
    }

    pub fn stop(&mut self, id: ActorRef) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let actor = self.actors.get_mut(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        if matches!(actor.snapshot.status, Status::Stopped | Status::Failed(_)) {
            return Err("actor is not running".into());
        }
        actor.stopping = true;
        if let Some(status) = actor.paused_from.take() {
            actor.snapshot.status = status;
        }
        if actor.debugger.stop_reason == Some(DebugStopReason::Breakpoint) {
            actor.skip_breakpoint = actor
                .active
                .as_ref()
                .map(|invocation| invocation.progress().instruction_pointer);
        }
        actor.debugger.stop_reason = None;
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn kill(&mut self, id: ActorRef) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        self.actors.remove(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        self.logs.borrow_mut().remove(id);
        self.events.push(Event::Stopped(id));
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn system(&mut self, id: ActorRef, message: SystemMessage) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        match message {
            SystemMessage::Stop => self.stop(id),
            SystemMessage::Kill => self.kill(id),
            SystemMessage::Restart => self.restart(id),
            SystemMessage::Pause => self.pause(id),
            SystemMessage::Resume => self.resume(id),
            SystemMessage::Reload(implementation) | SystemMessage::Become(implementation) => {
                self.schedule_install(id, implementation)
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn schedule_install(
        &mut self,
        id: ActorRef,
        implementation: ImplementationId,
    ) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        if !self.implementations.contains_key(&implementation) {
            return Err("unknown implementation".into());
        }
        let actor = self.actors.get_mut(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        if actor.stopping || matches!(actor.snapshot.status, Status::Stopped | Status::Failed(_)) {
            return Err("actor is not running".into());
        }
        actor.pending_install = Some(implementation);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Schedule a boundary install, or replace a failed actor's inactive implementation.
    pub fn set_actor_behavior(
        &mut self,
        id: ActorRef,
        implementation: ImplementationId,
    ) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        if !self.implementations.contains_key(&implementation) {
            return Err("unknown implementation".into());
        }
        let actor = self.actors.get_mut(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        if actor.stopping {
            return Err("actor is stopping".into());
        }
        if !matches!(actor.snapshot.status, Status::Failed(_)) {
            actor.pending_install = Some(implementation);
        } else {
            actor.pending_install = None;
            actor.snapshot.implementation = implementation;
            clear_debugger(actor);
            self.events
                .push(Event::BehaviorInstalled(id, implementation));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Pause scheduling between worker ticks without discarding an invocation.
    pub fn pause(&mut self, id: ActorRef) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let actor = self.actors.get_mut(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        if matches!(
            actor.snapshot.status,
            Status::Paused | Status::Stopped | Status::Failed(_)
        ) {
            return Err("actor cannot be paused in its current status".into());
        }
        actor.paused_from = Some(actor.snapshot.status.clone());
        actor.snapshot.status = Status::Paused;
        actor.debugger.stop_reason = None;
        self.events.push(Event::Paused(id));
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Resume from the exact runnable or awaiting state saved by `pause`.
    pub fn resume(&mut self, id: ActorRef) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let actor = self.actors.get_mut(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        let status = actor.paused_from.take().ok_or("actor is not paused")?;
        actor.snapshot.status = status;
        if actor.debugger.stop_reason == Some(DebugStopReason::Breakpoint) {
            actor.skip_breakpoint = actor
                .active
                .as_ref()
                .map(|invocation| invocation.progress().instruction_pointer);
        }
        actor.debugger.stop_reason = None;
        self.events.push(Event::Resumed(id));
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Cancel an active handler and requeue its reserved message for retry.
    ///
    /// This does not roll back side effects already performed by native code.
    pub fn cancel(&mut self, id: ActorRef) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let actor = self.actors.get_mut(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        if actor.active.is_none() {
            return Err("actor has no active invocation to cancel".into());
        }
        let message = actor
            .snapshot
            .reserved
            .take()
            .ok_or("active invocation has no reserved message")?;
        actor.active = None;
        actor.debugger.stop_reason = None;
        actor.skip_breakpoint = None;
        actor.paused_from = None;
        actor.context.take_effects();
        actor.mailbox.push_front(Envelope {
            sender: actor.reserved_sender.take(),
            message,
        });
        actor.snapshot.status = Status::Idle;
        self.events.push(Event::InvocationCancelled(id));
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn restart(&mut self, id: ActorRef) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let actor = self.actors.get_mut(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        actor.snapshot.incarnation = actor
            .snapshot
            .incarnation
            .checked_add(1)
            .ok_or("incarnation exhausted")?;
        actor.active = None;
        actor.debugger.stop_reason = None;
        actor.skip_breakpoint = None;
        actor.context.take_effects();
        actor.stopping = false;
        actor.shutdown = false;
        actor.pending_install = None;
        if let Some(message) = actor.snapshot.reserved.take() {
            actor.mailbox.push_front(Envelope {
                sender: actor.reserved_sender.take(),
                message,
            });
        }
        actor.snapshot.status = Status::Idle;
        actor.paused_from = None;
        self.events.push(Event::Restarted(id));
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Install an immutable implementation between handler invocations.
    pub fn install(
        &mut self,
        id: ActorRef,
        implementation: ImplementationId,
    ) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        self.install_with_migration(id, implementation, Ok)
    }

    /// Migrate committed state and install an implementation as one safe-point
    /// operation. A migration error leaves both unchanged.
    pub fn install_with_migration(
        &mut self,
        id: ActorRef,
        implementation: ImplementationId,
        migrate: impl FnOnce(Value) -> ExperimentResult<Value>,
    ) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        if !self.implementations.contains_key(&implementation) {
            return Err("unknown implementation".into());
        }
        let current = self.actors.get(&id).ok_or("unknown actor")?;
        if current.active.is_some()
            || current.snapshot.reserved.is_some()
            || current.snapshot.status != Status::Idle
        {
            return Err("behavior can only be installed at an idle handler boundary".into());
        }
        let previous_state = current.snapshot.state.clone();
        let migrated_state = migrate(previous_state.clone())
            .map_err(|error| format!("state migration failed: {error}"))?;
        migrated_state.validate()?;

        let actor = self.actors.get_mut(&id).expect("actor checked above");
        actor.snapshot.state = migrated_state.clone();
        actor.snapshot.implementation = implementation;
        clear_debugger(actor);
        self.events
            .push(Event::BehaviorInstalled(id, implementation));
        if migrated_state != previous_state {
            self.events
                .push(Event::StateMigrated(id, previous_state, migrated_state));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn drain_events(&mut self) -> Vec<Event> {
        std::mem::take(&mut self.events)
    }

    fn fail(&mut self, id: &ActorRef, error: String) {
        let actor = self.actors.get_mut(id).expect("scheduled actor exists");
        actor.active = None;
        actor.debugger.stop_reason = None;
        actor.skip_breakpoint = None;
        actor.paused_from = None;
        actor.context.take_effects();
        actor.snapshot.status = Status::Failed(error.clone());
        self.events.push(Event::Failed(*id, error));
    }

    fn commit(&mut self, id: &ActorRef, state: rune::Value) -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let state = if state.into_unit().is_ok() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(value_from_rune(&state)?)
        };
        let effects = self.actors[id].context.take_effects();
        let mut counts = BTreeMap::<ActorRef, usize>::new();
        for effect in &effects {
            let target = &effect.recipient;
            let actor = self
                .actors
                .get(target)
                .ok_or("effect targets unknown actor")?;
            if (actor.stopping && target != id)
                || matches!(actor.snapshot.status, Status::Stopped | Status::Failed(_))
            {
                return Err("effect targets unavailable actor".into());
            }
            let count = counts.entry(*target).or_default();
            *count += 1;
            let retained = usize::from(target != id && actor.snapshot.reserved.is_some());
            if actor.mailbox.len() + retained + *count > actor.capacity.get() {
                return Err("effect exceeds mailbox capacity".into());
            }
        }
        let actor = self.actors.get_mut(id).expect("scheduled actor exists");
        if let Some(state) = state {
            actor.snapshot.state = state;
        }
        actor.snapshot.reserved = None;
        actor.snapshot.status = Status::Idle;
        actor.active = None;
        actor.reserved_sender = None;
        let shutdown = actor.shutdown;
        for effect in effects {
            self.actors
                .get_mut(&effect.recipient)
                .expect("validated target")
                .mailbox
                .push_back(Envelope {
                    sender: effect.sender,
                    message: effect.message,
                });
        }
        self.events.push(Event::Committed(*id));
        if shutdown {
            self.kill(*id)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Give each runnable actor one bounded slice. Awaiting actors require a wake.
    pub fn tick(&mut self, budget: NonZeroUsize) {
        let ids: Vec<_> = self.actors.keys().copied().collect();
        for id in ids {
            let actor = self.actors.get_mut(&id).expect("scheduled actor exists");
            if matches!(
                actor.snapshot.status,
                Status::Paused | Status::Stopped | Status::Failed(_)
            ) {
                continue;
            }
            if actor.active.is_none() {
                if actor.stopping {
                    let program = self.implementations[&actor.snapshot.implementation].program();
                    if !program.has_function("on_shutdown") {
                        self.kill(id).expect("scheduled actor exists");
                        continue;
                    }
                    let invocation = (|| -> ExperimentResult<_> {
                        Ok(Invocation::start(
                            program.vm(),
                            "on_shutdown",
                            (value_to_rune(&actor.snapshot.state)?,),
                        )?)
                    })();
                    match invocation {
                        Ok(invocation) => {
                            actor.active = Some(invocation);
                            actor.shutdown = true;
                            actor.context = ActorContext::with_logs(id, Rc::clone(&self.logs));
                        }
                        Err(error) => {
                            self.fail(&id, error.to_string());
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    if let Some(implementation) = actor.pending_install.take() {
                        actor.snapshot.implementation = implementation;
                        clear_debugger(actor);
                        self.events
                            .push(Event::BehaviorInstalled(id, implementation));
                    }
                    let Some(message) = actor.mailbox.pop_front() else {
                        continue;
                    };
                    actor.snapshot.reserved = Some(message.message.clone());
                    actor.reserved_sender = message.sender;
                    actor.context = ActorContext::with_logs(id, Rc::clone(&self.logs));
                    let program = self.implementations[&actor.snapshot.implementation].program();
                    let invocation = (|| -> ExperimentResult<_> {
                        let state = value_to_rune(&actor.snapshot.state)?;
                        let sender =
                            value_to_rune(&message.sender.map_or(Value::Null, Value::ActorRef))?;
                        let message = value_to_rune(&message.message)?;
                        Ok(Invocation::start(
                            program.vm(),
                            "handle",
                            (actor.context.clone(), state, sender, message),
                        )?)
                    })();
                    match invocation {
                        Ok(invocation) => actor.active = Some(invocation),
                        Err(error) => {
                            self.fail(&id, error.to_string());
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                }
                actor.snapshot.status = Status::Running;
                actor.debugger.stop_reason = None;
            }
            if actor.snapshot.status == Status::Awaiting && !actor.wake.0.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                continue;
            }
            actor.wake.0.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
            let waker = Waker::from(Arc::clone(&actor.wake));
            let mut cx = Context::from_waker(&waker);
            let mut outcome = Slice::BudgetExhausted;
            for _ in 0..budget.get() {
                let invocation = actor.active.as_mut().expect("active invocation");
                if breakpoint_hit(
                    actor.skip_breakpoint.take(),
                    &actor.breakpoint_ips,
                    invocation,
                ) {
                    actor.paused_from = Some(Status::Running);
                    actor.snapshot.status = Status::Paused;
                    actor.debugger.stop_reason = Some(DebugStopReason::Breakpoint);
                    self.events.push(Event::Paused(id));
                    break;
                }
                let slice_budget = if actor.breakpoint_ips.is_empty() {
                    budget
                } else {
                    NonZeroUsize::new(1).unwrap()
                };
                outcome = invocation.poll_slice(&mut cx, slice_budget);
                if !matches!(outcome, Slice::BudgetExhausted) || actor.breakpoint_ips.is_empty() {
                    break;
                }
            }
            if actor.snapshot.status == Status::Paused {
                continue;
            }
            match outcome {
                Slice::Completed(transition) => {
                    if let Err(error) = self.commit(&id, transition) {
                        self.fail(&id, error.to_string());
                    }
                }
                Slice::Awaiting => actor.snapshot.status = Status::Awaiting,
                Slice::BudgetExhausted => actor.snapshot.status = Status::Running,
                Slice::Failed(error) => self.fail(&id, error.to_string()),
            }
        }
    }
}

fn clear_debugger(actor: &mut Actor) {
    actor.debugger = DebuggerSnapshot::default();
    actor.breakpoint_ips.clear();
    actor.skip_breakpoint = None;
}

fn breakpoint_hit(
    skip: Option<usize>,
    breakpoints: &BTreeSet<usize>,
    invocation: &Invocation<rune::Value>,
) -> bool {
    let ip = invocation.progress().instruction_pointer;
    skip != Some(ip) && breakpoints.contains(&ip) && !invocation.stack().awaiting
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn snapshots_preserve_fifo_senders_capacity_and_failed_reservation() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut old = Runtime::default();
        let code = publish(
            &mut old,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { sender }",
        )?;
        let failing = publish(
            &mut old,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { panic(\"retained\") }",
        )?;
        let actor = old.spawn(code, Value::Null, capacity(2))?;
        let failed = old.spawn(failing, Value::Null, capacity(2))?;
        old.send_from(Some(actor), failed, Value::Null)?;
        old.tick(capacity(1000));
        old.send_from(Some(failed), actor, Value::Integer(1))?;
        old.send_from(Some(actor), actor, Value::Integer(2))?;
        let saved = old.snapshot()?;
        let reservation = saved
            .actors
            .iter()
            .find(|a| a.actor_ref == failed)
            .unwrap()
            .reserved
            .clone();
        assert_eq!(
            reservation,
            Some(Envelope {
                sender: Some(actor),
                message: Value::Null
            })
        );
        let mut restored = Runtime::default();
        for artifact in old.implementations.values() {
            restored.publish(Arc::clone(artifact))?;
        }
        restored.restore_actors(saved, &old)?;
        assert!(restored.send(actor, Value::Null).is_err());
        restored.tick(capacity(1000));
        assert_eq!(restored.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::ActorRef(failed));
        restored.tick(capacity(1000));
        assert_eq!(restored.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::ActorRef(actor));
        assert_eq!(restored.inspect(failed)?.reserved, Some(Value::Null));
        restored.restart(failed)?;
        assert_eq!(
            restored
                .snapshot()?
                .actors
                .iter()
                .find(|a| a.actor_ref == failed)
                .unwrap()
                .mailbox[0]
                .sender,
            Some(actor)
        );
        let another = restored.spawn(code, Value::Null, capacity(1))?;
        assert!(restored.inspect(another)?.mailbox.0 > restored.inspect(actor)?.mailbox.0);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn awaiting_and_shutdown_work_prevent_snapshots() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let mut module = rune::Module::new();
        module
            .function("wait", std::future::pending::<i64>)
            .build()?;
        let code = runtime.publish(CodeStore::default().compile_with_module(
            "pub async fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { wait().await; state }",
            "snapshot-wait:v1",
            module,
        )?)?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Null, capacity(1))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(1000));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Awaiting);
        assert!(runtime.snapshot().is_err());
        runtime.pause(actor)?;
        assert!(runtime.snapshot().is_err());
        runtime.kill(actor)?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Null, capacity(1))?;
        runtime.stop(actor)?;
        assert!(runtime.snapshot().is_err());
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn snapshots_preserve_counters_after_actor_removal_and_reject_partial_restores()
    -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut old = Runtime::default();
        let code = publish(
            &mut old,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { ctx.info(\"one\"); state }",
        )?;
        let actor = old.spawn(code, Value::Null, capacity(1))?;
        old.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        old.tick(capacity(1000));
        old.kill(actor)?;
        let saved = old.snapshot()?;
        assert!(saved.actors.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(saved.next_mailbox, 1);
        assert_eq!(saved.log_sequence, 1);
        let mut restored = Runtime::default();
        restored.publish(Arc::clone(&old.implementations[&code]))?;
        restored.restore_actors(saved, &old)?;
        restored.restore_logs(Vec::new())?;
        let actor = restored.spawn(code, Value::Null, capacity(1))?;
        assert_eq!(restored.inspect(actor)?.mailbox.0, 2);
        restored.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        restored.tick(capacity(1000));
        assert_eq!(restored.logs(&[], 0)?[0].sequence, 2);
        let mut bad = restored.snapshot()?;
        bad.actors.push(bad.actors[0].clone());
        let mut empty = Runtime::default();
        empty.publish(Arc::clone(&old.implementations[&code]))?;
        assert!(empty.restore_actors(bad, &old).is_err());
        assert!(empty.actors().is_empty());
        Ok(())
    }
    use runa_core::MAX_VALUE_NODES;

    #[test]
    fn debugger_step_over_skips_nested_calls_and_step_out_returns_to_caller() -> ExperimentResult<()>
    {
        use runa_core::StepMode;
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {\n    let next = outer(state);\n    next + 1\n}\nfn outer(value) {\n    let result = inner(value);\n    result + 1\n}\nfn inner(value) {\n    value + 1\n}",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(3), capacity(2))?;
        runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[1])?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(100));
        runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[])?;
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.step_source_mode(actor, code, capacity(1000), StepMode::Over)?,
            DebugStopReason::Step
        );
        let over = runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(over.call_depth, 0);
        assert_eq!(over.frames[0].function.as_deref(), Some("handle"));
        assert_eq!(over.frames[0].range.unwrap().start.line, 2);
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(3));
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.step_source_mode(actor, code, capacity(1000), StepMode::Out)?,
            DebugStopReason::Completed
        );
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(6));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Paused);

        runtime.restart(actor)?;
        runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[8])?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(100));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap().call_depth, 2);
        runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[])?;
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.step_source_mode(actor, code, capacity(1000), StepMode::Out)?,
            DebugStopReason::Step
        );
        let out = runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(out.call_depth, 1);
        assert_eq!(out.frames[0].function.as_deref(), Some("outer"));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(6));
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.step_source_mode(actor, code, capacity(1000), StepMode::Out)?,
            DebugStopReason::Step
        );
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap().call_depth, 0);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn debugger_step_modes_respect_nested_breakpoints_and_recursive_depth() -> ExperimentResult<()>
    {
        use runa_core::StepMode;
        for mode in [StepMode::Over, StepMode::Out] {
            let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
            let code = publish(
                &mut runtime,
                "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {\n    recurse(4)\n}\nfn recurse(n) {\n    if n == 0 { return 7; }\n    let value = recurse(n - 1);\n    value + 1\n}",
            )?;
            let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(0), capacity(2))?;
            runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[1])?;
            runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
            runtime.tick(capacity(100));
            runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[5])?;
            assert_eq!(
                runtime.step_source_mode(actor, code, capacity(1000), mode)?,
                DebugStopReason::Breakpoint
            );
            assert_eq!(runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap().call_depth, 1);
            runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[])?;
            assert_eq!(
                runtime.step_source_mode(actor, code, capacity(1000), StepMode::Over)?,
                DebugStopReason::Step
            );
            let over = runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                over.call_depth, 1,
                "recursive calls must not count as returning to the origin frame"
            );
            assert_eq!(over.frames[0].range.unwrap().start.line, 6);
            assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(0));
            assert_eq!(
                runtime.step_source_mode(actor, code, capacity(1000), StepMode::Out)?,
                DebugStopReason::Step
            );
            assert_eq!(runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap().call_depth, 0);
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn debugger_over_and_out_keep_budget_await_and_failure_boundaries() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        use runa_core::StepMode;
        for mode in [StepMode::Over, StepMode::Out] {
            let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
            let code = publish(
                &mut runtime,
                "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {\n    spin()\n}\nfn spin() { loop {} }",
            )?;
            let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Null, capacity(2))?;
            runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[1])?;
            runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
            runtime.tick(capacity(100));
            let before = runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap().vm_steps;
            assert_eq!(
                runtime.step_source_mode(actor, code, capacity(20), mode)?,
                DebugStopReason::Budget
            );
            assert_eq!(
                runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap().vm_steps,
                before + 20
            );
            assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Paused);

            let code = publish(
                &mut runtime,
                "pub async fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {\n    native_suspend(7).await;\n    42\n}",
            )?;
            let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(1), capacity(2))?;
            runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[1])?;
            runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
            runtime.tick(capacity(100));
            runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[])?;
            assert_eq!(
                runtime.step_source_mode(actor, code, capacity(100), mode)?,
                DebugStopReason::Awaiting
            );
            assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(1));
            assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Paused);
            runtime.resume(actor)?;
            runtime.tick(capacity(100));
            assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(42));

            let code = publish(
                &mut runtime,
                "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {\n    crash()\n}\nfn crash() { 1 / 0 }",
            )?;
            let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(1), capacity(2))?;
            runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[1])?;
            runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
            runtime.tick(capacity(100));
            runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[])?;
            assert_eq!(
                runtime.step_source_mode(actor, code, capacity(100), mode)?,
                DebugStopReason::Failed
            );
            assert!(matches!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Failed(_)));
            assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.reserved, Some(Value::Null));

            let code = publish(
                &mut runtime,
                "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state }\npub fn on_shutdown(state) {\n    state + 1\n}",
            )?;
            let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(1), capacity(2))?;
            runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[2])?;
            runtime.stop(actor)?;
            runtime.tick(capacity(100));
            runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[])?;
            let mut removed = false;
            for _ in 0..10 {
                if runtime.step_source_mode(actor, code, capacity(100), mode)?
                    == DebugStopReason::Removed
                {
                    removed = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
            assert!(removed);
            assert!(runtime.inspect(actor).is_err());
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn debugger_breakpoints_preserve_transactions_and_step_only_one_actor() -> ExperimentResult<()>
    {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let source = "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {\n    ctx.send(ctx.this, 99);\n    let next = nested(state);\n    next\n}\nfn nested(value) {\n    value + 1\n}";
        let code = publish(&mut runtime, source)?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(3), capacity(4))?;
        let other = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(10), capacity(4))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        let verified = runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[2, 100, 2])?;
        assert_eq!(verified.len(), 2);
        assert!(!verified[0].instruction_pointers.is_empty());
        assert!(verified[1].instruction_pointers.is_empty());
        runtime.tick(capacity(1000));
        let before = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(before.status, Status::Paused);
        assert_eq!(before.state, Value::Integer(3));
        assert_eq!(before.reserved, Some(Value::Null));
        assert!(
            before.queued.is_empty(),
            "draft send is not visible before commit"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.debugger(actor)?.stop_reason,
            Some(DebugStopReason::Breakpoint)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap().frames[0]
                .range
                .unwrap()
                .start
                .line,
            2
        );
        runtime.send(other, Value::Null)?;
        let other_before = runtime.inspect(other)?;
        let origin = runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap().vm_steps;
        let reason = runtime.step_source(actor, code, capacity(1000))?;
        assert_eq!(reason, DebugStopReason::Step);
        let stepped = runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap();
        assert!(stepped.vm_steps > origin);
        assert_eq!(stepped.frames[0].function.as_deref(), Some("nested"));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(3));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(other)?.queued, other_before.queued);
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(other)?.execution, other_before.execution);
        let mut completed = false;
        for _ in 0..20 {
            if runtime.step_source(actor, code, capacity(1000))? == DebugStopReason::Completed {
                completed = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        assert!(completed);
        let after = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(after.status, Status::Paused);
        assert_eq!(after.state, Value::Integer(4));
        assert_eq!(after.queued, [Value::Integer(99)]);
        assert!(after.reserved.is_none());
        assert!(after.execution.is_none());
        assert!(runtime.step_source(actor, code, capacity(1000)).is_err());
        runtime.resume(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Idle);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn debugger_resume_crosses_breakpoint_once_and_loop_can_hit_again() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {\n    let n = 0;\n    loop {\n        n += 1;\n    }\n}",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Null, capacity(2))?;
        runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[3])?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(100));
        let stopped = runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap().vm_steps;
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Paused);
        runtime.tick(capacity(100));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap().vm_steps, stopped);
        runtime.resume(actor)?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(100));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Paused);
        assert!(runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap().vm_steps > stopped);
        runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[])?;
        runtime.resume(actor)?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(100));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Running);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn debugger_bounded_steps_handle_same_line_loops_awaits_failure_and_shutdown()
    -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { loop {} }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Null, capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(1));
        runtime.pause(actor)?;
        let before = runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap().vm_steps;
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.step_source(actor, code, capacity(5))?,
            DebugStopReason::Budget
        );
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap().vm_steps,
            before + 5
        );
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Paused);
        assert!(runtime.step_source(actor, code, capacity(10_001)).is_err());
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub async fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {\n    native_suspend(7).await;\n    42\n}",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(1), capacity(2))?;
        runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[1])?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(100));
        runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[])?;
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.step_source(actor, code, capacity(100))?,
            DebugStopReason::Awaiting
        );
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Paused);
        assert!(runtime.inspect_execution(actor)?.unwrap().awaiting);
        for _ in 0..20 {
            if runtime.step_source(actor, code, capacity(100))? == DebugStopReason::Completed {
                break;
            }
        }
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(42));
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {\n    1 / 0\n}",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Null, capacity(2))?;
        runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[1])?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(100));
        runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[])?;
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.step_source(actor, code, capacity(100))?,
            DebugStopReason::Failed
        );
        assert!(matches!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Failed(_)));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.reserved, Some(Value::Null));
        assert!(runtime.resume(actor).is_err());
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state }\npub fn on_shutdown(state) {\n    state + 1\n}",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(0), capacity(2))?;
        assert!(
            !runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[2])?[0]
                .instruction_pointers
                .is_empty()
        );
        runtime.stop(actor)?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(100));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Paused);
        runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[])?;
        let mut removed = false;
        for _ in 0..10 {
            if runtime.step_source(actor, code, capacity(100))? == DebugStopReason::Removed {
                removed = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        assert!(removed);
        assert!(runtime.inspect(actor).is_err());
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn debugger_configuration_is_version_bound_and_resets_only_at_install() -> ExperimentResult<()>
    {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {\n    state + 1\n}",
        )?;
        let new = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state + 2 }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(0), capacity(2))?;
        runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[1])?;
        assert!(runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, new, &[0]).is_err());
        assert!(
            runtime.step_source(actor, code, capacity(100)).is_err(),
            "idle actor must not start a handler implicitly"
        );
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(100));
        runtime.schedule_install(actor, new)?;
        assert_eq!(runtime.debugger(actor)?.breakpoints.len(), 1);
        assert!(runtime.step_source(actor, new, capacity(100)).is_err());
        runtime.restart(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.debugger(actor)?.breakpoints.len(),
            1,
            "same loaded version retains breakpoints across restart"
        );
        runtime.tick(capacity(100));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Paused);
        runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[])?;
        runtime.resume(actor)?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(100));
        runtime.schedule_install(actor, new)?;
        runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[1])?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(100));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.implementation, new);
        assert_eq!(runtime.debugger(actor)?, DebuggerSnapshot::default());
        assert!(runtime.set_breakpoints(actor, code, &[]).is_err());
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn bundled_counter_defaults_missing_state_to_zero() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            include_str!("../../../runa-std/actors/counter.rn"),
        )?;
        for (initial, expected) in [(Value::Null, 1), (Value::Integer(10), 11)] {
            let actor = runtime.spawn(implementation, initial, capacity(2))?;
            runtime.send(
                actor,
                Value::Record(BTreeMap::from([(
                    "op".to_owned(),
                    Value::String("inc".to_owned()),
                )])),
            )?;
            for _ in 0..1000 {
                runtime.tick(capacity(1));
                if runtime.inspect(actor)?.state == Value::Integer(expected) {
                    break;
                }
            }
            let snapshot = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
            assert_eq!(snapshot.state, Value::Integer(expected));
            assert_eq!(snapshot.queued.len(), 1);
            assert_eq!(runtime.logs(&[actor], 0)?.len(), 1);
            runtime.kill(actor)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn stop_removes_paused_actors_and_kill_discards_identity_mailbox_and_logs()
    -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { ctx.info(\"started\"); loop {} }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(implementation, Value::Integer(5), capacity(3))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Integer(2))?;
        for _ in 0..10 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert_eq!(runtime.logs(&[actor], 0)?.len(), 1);
        runtime.set_log_level(actor, LogLevel::Fatal)?;
        runtime.kill(actor)?;
        assert!(runtime.inspect(actor).is_err());
        assert!(runtime.restart(actor).is_err());
        assert!(runtime.send(actor, Value::Null).is_err());
        assert!(runtime.kill(actor).is_err());
        assert!(runtime.actors().is_empty());
        assert!(runtime.logs(&[], 0)?.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(runtime.logs.borrow().level(actor), LogLevel::Info);
        let idle = runtime.spawn(implementation, Value::Null, capacity(1))?;
        runtime.pause(idle)?;
        runtime.stop(idle)?;
        assert!(runtime.inspect(idle).is_ok());
        runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        assert!(runtime.inspect(idle).is_err());
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn optional_state_retains_committed_state_and_commits_sends() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            r#"pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {
                state.value = 999;
                if message == 1 { ctx.send(ctx.this, 2); return; }
                if message == 2 { return (); }
                #{value: 7}
            }
            pub fn on_shutdown(state) {
                if state.value != 7 { panic("incorrect shutdown state"); }
                state.value = 1000;
            }"#,
        )?;
        let initial = Value::Record(BTreeMap::from([("value".to_owned(), Value::Integer(3))]));
        let actor = runtime.spawn(implementation, initial.clone(), capacity(4))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Integer(1))?;
        for _ in 0..50 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(1));
        }
        let snapshot = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(snapshot.state, initial);
        assert_eq!(snapshot.status, Status::Idle);
        assert!(snapshot.reserved.is_none());
        assert!(snapshot.queued.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(
            runtime
                .drain_events()
                .iter()
                .filter(|event| matches!(event, Event::Committed(id) if *id == actor))
                .count(),
            2
        );
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Integer(3))?;
        for _ in 0..50 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.inspect(actor)?.state,
            Value::Record(BTreeMap::from([("value".to_owned(), Value::Integer(7))]))
        );
        runtime.stop(actor)?;
        for _ in 0..50 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert!(runtime.inspect(actor).is_err());
        assert!(
            runtime
                .drain_events()
                .iter()
                .any(|event| matches!(event, Event::Stopped(id) if *id == actor))
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn omitted_state_still_validates_effects_and_handles_null_state() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { ctx.send(message, 1); }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(implementation, Value::Integer(5), capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::ActorRef(ActorRef::new()))?;
        for _ in 0..20 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        let snapshot = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(snapshot.state, Value::Integer(5));
        assert!(matches!(snapshot.status, Status::Failed(_)));
        assert!(snapshot.reserved.is_some());
        let implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {}",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(implementation, Value::Null, capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        for _ in 0..10 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Null);
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Idle);
        assert!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.reserved.is_none());
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn editing_is_guarded_atomic_and_can_repair_a_failed_reservation() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state + message.value }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(implementation, Value::Integer(1), capacity(2))?;
        assert!(
            runtime
                .edit_actor(actor, Some(Value::Integer(9)), None)
                .is_err()
        );
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Integer(4))?;
        for _ in 0..10 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert!(matches!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Failed(_)));
        assert!(
            runtime
                .edit_actor(
                    actor,
                    Some(Value::Integer(9)),
                    Some((Some(Value::Null), vec![Value::Null, Value::Null]))
                )
                .is_err()
        );
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(1));
        runtime.edit_actor(actor, Some(Value::Integer(10)), None)?;
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.queued, vec![Value::Integer(4)]);
        let message = Value::Record(BTreeMap::from([("value".to_owned(), Value::Integer(2))]));
        runtime.edit_actor(actor, None, Some((Some(message), vec![])))?;
        runtime.restart(actor)?;
        for _ in 0..10 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(12));
        runtime.pause(actor)?;
        runtime.edit_actor(
            actor,
            Some(Value::Integer(20)),
            Some((None, vec![Value::Null])),
        )?;
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Paused);
        runtime.resume(actor)?;
        let runaway = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { loop {} }",
        )?;
        let active = runtime.spawn(runaway, Value::Null, capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(active, Value::Null)?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(1));
        runtime.pause(active)?;
        assert!(
            runtime
                .edit_actor(active, Some(Value::Integer(9)), Some((None, vec![])))
                .is_err()
        );
        runtime.kill(active)?;
        assert!(
            runtime
                .edit_actor(active, Some(Value::Integer(9)), Some((None, vec![])))
                .is_err()
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn logs_are_immediate_filtered_ordered_bounded_and_survive_failure() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let emitted = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Vec::new()));
        let sink = emitted.clone();
        runtime.set_log_sink(move |entry| sink.borrow_mut().push(entry));
        let implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            r#"pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {
                ctx.trace("trace"); ctx.debug("debug"); ctx.info("info");
                ctx.warn("warn"); ctx.error("error"); ctx.fatal("fatal"); ctx.log("info", "generic");
                panic("failed after logging")
            }"#,
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(implementation, Value::Integer(1), capacity(2))?;
        assert_eq!(runtime.log_level(actor)?, LogLevel::Info);
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        for _ in 0..10 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        let entries = runtime.logs(&[actor], 0)?;
        assert_eq!(
            entries
                .iter()
                .map(|entry| entry.message.as_str())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            ["info", "warn", "error", "fatal", "generic"]
        );
        assert!(matches!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Failed(_)));
        runtime.set_log_level(actor, LogLevel::Fatal)?;
        runtime.restart(actor)?;
        for _ in 0..10 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert_eq!(
            runtime
                .logs(&[actor], entries.last().unwrap().sequence)?
                .len(),
            1
        );
        let busy = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            r#"pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {
            let n = 0; while n < 1005 { ctx.info("entry"); n += 1; } loop {}
        }"#,
        )?;
        let second = runtime.spawn(busy, Value::Null, capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(second, Value::Null)?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(1000));
        }
        let retained = runtime.logs(&[second], 0)?;
        assert_eq!(retained.len(), 1000);
        assert!(
            retained
                .windows(2)
                .all(|pair| pair[0].sequence < pair[1].sequence)
        );
        runtime.kill(second)?;
        assert!(runtime.logs(&[second], 0).is_err());
        assert_eq!(runtime.logs(&[], 0)?.len(), 6);
        assert_eq!(emitted.borrow().len(), 1011);
        assert_eq!(emitted.borrow().last(), retained.last());
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn context_sends_copy_at_call_and_are_discarded_on_kill() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let receiver_code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { message }",
        )?;
        let receiver = runtime.spawn(receiver_code, Value::Null, capacity(4))?;
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { let data = #{items: []}; ctx.send(state, data); data.items.push(7); data }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::ActorRef(receiver), capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.inspect(receiver)?.state,
            Value::Record(BTreeMap::from([("items".to_owned(), Value::List(vec![])),]))
        );
        let runaway = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { ctx.send(state, 999); loop {} }",
        )?;
        let killed = runtime.spawn(runaway, Value::ActorRef(receiver), capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(killed, Value::Null)?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        runtime.system(killed, SystemMessage::Kill)?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.inspect(receiver)?.state,
            Value::Record(BTreeMap::from([("items".to_owned(), Value::List(vec![])),]))
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn sender_envelopes_support_replies_and_forwarding_without_message_metadata()
    -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let sink = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { #{sender: sender, data: message} }",
        )?;
        let forward = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { ctx.send_from(sender, state, message); state }",
        )?;
        let origin = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { ctx.send(state, message); state }",
        )?;
        let sink_ref = runtime.spawn(sink, Value::Null, capacity(4))?;
        let forward_ref = runtime.spawn(forward, Value::ActorRef(sink_ref), capacity(4))?;
        let origin_ref = runtime.spawn(origin, Value::ActorRef(forward_ref), capacity(4))?;
        runtime.send(origin_ref, Value::String("stop".to_owned()))?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.inspect(sink_ref)?.state,
            Value::Record(BTreeMap::from([
                ("sender".to_owned(), Value::ActorRef(origin_ref)),
                ("data".to_owned(), Value::String("stop".to_owned())),
            ]))
        );
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(sink_ref)?.status, Status::Idle);
        let reply = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { ctx.send(sender, message); state }",
        )?;
        let reply_ref = runtime.spawn(reply, Value::Null, capacity(4))?;
        runtime.send_from(Some(sink_ref), reply_ref, Value::Integer(42))?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert_eq!(
            runtime.inspect(sink_ref)?.state,
            Value::Record(BTreeMap::from([
                ("sender".to_owned(), Value::ActorRef(reply_ref)),
                ("data".to_owned(), Value::Integer(42)),
            ]))
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn graceful_stop_finishes_handler_then_runs_shutdown_without_draining_mailbox()
    -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { let n = 0; while n < 20 { n += 1; } state + message } pub fn on_shutdown(state) { if state != 1 { panic(\"wrong state\"); } state + 100 }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(implementation, Value::Integer(0), capacity(3))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Integer(1))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Integer(2))?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(1));
        runtime.system(actor, SystemMessage::Stop)?;
        assert!(runtime.send(actor, Value::Null).is_err());
        for _ in 0..200 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert!(runtime.inspect(actor).is_err());
        assert!(runtime.system(actor, SystemMessage::Restart).is_err());
        assert!(
            runtime
                .drain_events()
                .iter()
                .any(|event| matches!(event, Event::Stopped(id) if *id == actor))
        );
        let self_send = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { ctx.send(message, 42); state + 1 } pub fn on_shutdown(state) { state + 100 }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(self_send, Value::Integer(0), capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::ActorRef(actor))?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(1));
        runtime.system(actor, SystemMessage::Stop)?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert!(runtime.inspect(actor).is_err());
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn kill_skips_shutdown_and_reload_waits_for_active_handler() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let first = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state + message } pub fn on_shutdown(state) { panic(\"must not run\") }",
        )?;
        let second = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state + message * 10 }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(first, Value::Integer(0), capacity(3))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Integer(1))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Integer(2))?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(1));
        runtime.system(actor, SystemMessage::Reload(second))?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(21));
        runtime.system(actor, SystemMessage::Restart)?;
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.implementation, second);
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(21));
        runtime.system(actor, SystemMessage::Kill)?;
        assert!(runtime.inspect(actor).is_err());
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn absent_and_failing_shutdown_hooks_are_explicit() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        for (hook, failed) in [
            ("", false),
            (
                "pub fn on_shutdown(state) { panic(\"shutdown failed\") }",
                true,
            ),
        ] {
            let implementation = publish(
                &mut runtime,
                &format!("pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {{ state }} {hook}"),
            )?;
            let actor = runtime.spawn(implementation, Value::Integer(7), capacity(1))?;
            runtime.system(actor, SystemMessage::Stop)?;
            for _ in 0..100 {
                runtime.tick(capacity(32));
            }
            if failed {
                let snapshot = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
                assert_eq!(snapshot.state, Value::Integer(7));
                assert!(matches!(snapshot.status, Status::Failed(_)));
                runtime.kill(actor)?;
                assert!(runtime.inspect(actor).is_err());
            } else {
                assert!(runtime.inspect(actor).is_err());
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn test_message(kind: i64, value: i64, target: Option<runa_core::ActorRef>) -> Value {
        Value::Record(std::collections::BTreeMap::from([
            ("kind".to_owned(), Value::Integer(kind)),
            ("value".to_owned(), Value::Integer(value)),
            (
                "target".to_owned(),
                target.map_or(Value::Null, Value::ActorRef),
            ),
        ]))
    }

    use runa_code::CodeStore;

    #[test]
    fn nested_state_and_messages_are_private_and_sends_copy_owned_values() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let receiver_code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { message.items.push(9); message }",
        )?;
        let sender_code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state.items.push(message.text); ctx.send(message.target, state); state }",
        )?;
        let initial = Value::Record(BTreeMap::from([(
            "items".to_owned(),
            Value::List(vec![Value::Bool(true), Value::Null]),
        )]));
        let receiver = runtime.spawn(receiver_code, Value::Null, capacity(2))?;
        let sender = runtime.spawn(sender_code, initial.clone(), capacity(2))?;
        let message = Value::Record(BTreeMap::from([
            ("target".to_owned(), Value::ActorRef(receiver)),
            ("text".to_owned(), Value::String("hello world".to_owned())),
        ]));
        runtime.send(sender, message.clone())?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(1));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(sender)?.state, initial);
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(sender)?.reserved, Some(message));
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        let sender_state = Value::Record(BTreeMap::from([(
            "items".to_owned(),
            Value::List(vec![
                Value::Bool(true),
                Value::Null,
                Value::String("hello world".to_owned()),
            ]),
        )]));
        let receiver_state = Value::Record(BTreeMap::from([(
            "items".to_owned(),
            Value::List(vec![
                Value::Bool(true),
                Value::Null,
                Value::String("hello world".to_owned()),
                Value::Integer(9),
            ]),
        )]));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(sender)?.state, sender_state);
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(receiver)?.state, receiver_state);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn mutated_drafts_and_invalid_structured_effects_never_partially_commit() -> ExperimentResult<()>
    {
        for source in [
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state.items.push(2); panic(\"failed\"); state }",
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state.items.push(2); ctx.send(message, state); ctx.send(\"not a reference\", state); state }",
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state.items.push(2); ctx.send(message, state); ctx.send(message, 1.5); state }",
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state.items.push(2); ctx.send(message, state); Some(state) }",
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state.items.push(state); state }",
        ] {
            let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
            let code = publish(&mut runtime, source)?;
            let initial = Value::Record(BTreeMap::from([(
                "items".to_owned(),
                Value::List(vec![Value::Integer(1)]),
            )]));
            let actor = runtime.spawn(code, initial.clone(), capacity(4))?;
            runtime.send(actor, Value::ActorRef(actor))?;
            for _ in 0..100 {
                runtime.tick(capacity(32));
            }
            let snapshot = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
            assert_eq!(snapshot.state, initial, "{source}");
            assert_eq!(snapshot.reserved, Some(Value::ActorRef(actor)), "{source}");
            assert!(snapshot.queued.is_empty(), "{source}");
            assert!(matches!(snapshot.status, Status::Failed(_)), "{source}");
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn invalid_input_and_migration_values_leave_the_image_unchanged() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { message }",
        )?;
        let invalid = Value::List(vec![Value::Null; MAX_VALUE_NODES]);
        assert!(runtime.spawn(code, invalid.clone(), capacity(2)).is_err());
        assert!(runtime.actors().is_empty());
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Bool(true), capacity(2))?;
        assert!(runtime.send(actor, invalid.clone()).is_err());
        assert!(
            runtime
                .install_with_migration(actor, code, |_| Ok(invalid))
                .is_err()
        );
        let snapshot = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(snapshot.state, Value::Bool(true));
        assert!(snapshot.queued.is_empty());
        Ok(())
    }

    fn capacity(n: usize) -> NonZeroUsize {
        NonZeroUsize::new(n).unwrap()
    }

    fn publish(runtime: &mut Runtime, source: &str) -> ExperimentResult<ImplementationId> {
        runtime.publish(CodeStore::default().compile(source)?)
    }

    #[test]
    fn two_actors_isolation_and_effects() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { if message.kind == 1 { ctx.send(message.target, #{kind: 0, value: 5, target: ()}); state + 1 } else { state + message.value } }",
        )?;
        let first = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(0), capacity(4))?;
        let second = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(10), capacity(4))?;
        runtime.send(first, test_message(1, 0, Some(second)))?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(10));
        }
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(first)?.state, Value::Integer(1));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(second)?.state, Value::Integer(15));
        assert!(runtime.inspect(first)?.reserved.is_none());
        assert!(
            runtime
                .drain_events()
                .iter()
                .any(|e| matches!(e, Event::Committed(id) if *id == second))
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn runaway_does_not_starve_healthy_actor() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let runaway = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { loop {} }",
        )?;
        let healthy = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state + message.value }",
        )?;
        let first = runtime.spawn(runaway, Value::Integer(0), capacity(1))?;
        let second = runtime.spawn(healthy, Value::Integer(0), capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(first, test_message(0, 1, None))?;
        runtime.send(second, test_message(0, 42, None))?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(5));
        }
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(first)?.status, Status::Running);
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(first)?.state, Value::Integer(0));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(second)?.state, Value::Integer(42));
        assert!(runtime.send(first, test_message(0, 2, None)).is_err());
        runtime.restart(first)?;
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(first)?.incarnation, 2);
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(first)?.queued.len(), 1);
        runtime.kill(first)?;
        assert!(runtime.inspect(first).is_err());
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn execution_snapshot_reports_live_progress_and_is_stable_while_paused() -> ExperimentResult<()>
    {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { loop {} }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(implementation, Value::Integer(0), capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(0, 1, None))?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(3));

        let running = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(running.status, Status::Running);
        let progress = running
            .execution
            .ok_or("running actor has no execution snapshot")?;
        assert!(progress.vm_steps > 0);
        assert!(running.reserved.is_some());

        runtime.pause(actor)?;
        for _ in 0..5 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(10));
        }
        let paused = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(paused.status, Status::Paused);
        assert_eq!(paused.execution, Some(progress));

        runtime.cancel(actor)?;
        let cancelled = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(cancelled.execution, None);
        assert_eq!(cancelled.queued, vec![test_message(0, 1, None)]);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn invalid_effect_does_not_commit_state_or_partial_sends() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { ctx.send(message.target, #{kind: 0, value: 1, target: ()}); ctx.send(\"invalid\", #{kind: 0, value: 2, target: ()}); 99 }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(5), capacity(4))?;
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(0, 0, Some(actor)))?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(10));
        }
        let snapshot = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(snapshot.state, Value::Integer(5));
        assert!(matches!(snapshot.status, Status::Failed(_)));
        assert!(snapshot.queued.is_empty());
        assert!(snapshot.reserved.is_some());
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn awaiting_retains_message_and_state_until_woken() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        use std::future::Future;
        use std::pin::Pin;
        use std::sync::Mutex;
        use std::task::Poll;

        #[derive(Default)]
        struct Gate {
            ready: AtomicBool,
            dropped: AtomicBool,
            polls: std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize,
            waker: Mutex<Option<Waker>>,
        }
        struct Wait(Arc<Gate>);
        impl Future for Wait {
            type Output = i64;
            fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<i64> {
                self.0.polls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
                if self.0.ready.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                    Poll::Ready(7)
                } else {
                    *self.0.waker.lock().unwrap() = Some(cx.waker().clone());
                    Poll::Pending
                }
            }
        }
        impl Drop for Wait {
            fn drop(&mut self) {
                self.0.dropped.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
            }
        }

        let gate = Arc::new(Gate::default());
        let native_gate = Arc::clone(&gate);
        let mut module = rune::Module::new();
        module
            .function("wait", move || Wait(Arc::clone(&native_gate)))
            .build()?;
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let code = runtime.publish(
            CodeStore::default().compile_with_module(
                "pub async fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { if message.kind == 1 { let x = wait().await; state + x } else { state + message.value } }",
                "test-gate:v1",
                module,
            )?,
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(10), capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(1, 0, None))?;
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(0, 3, None))?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(5));
        }
        let pending = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(pending.status, Status::Awaiting);
        assert_eq!(pending.state, Value::Integer(10));
        assert_eq!(pending.queued.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(pending.reserved, Some(test_message(1, 0, None)));
        let polls = gate.polls.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
        for _ in 0..10 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(5));
        }
        assert_eq!(gate.polls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), polls);
        runtime.pause(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Paused);
        gate.ready.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        gate.waker
            .lock()
            .unwrap()
            .take()
            .expect("registered wake")
            .wake();
        for _ in 0..10 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(5));
        }
        assert_eq!(gate.polls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), polls);
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Paused);
        runtime.resume(actor)?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(5));
        }
        let completed = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(completed.state, Value::Integer(20));
        assert_eq!(completed.status, Status::Idle);
        assert!(completed.reserved.is_none());
        assert!(completed.queued.is_empty());

        gate.ready.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
        gate.dropped.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(1, 0, None))?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(5));
        }
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Awaiting);
        runtime.cancel(actor)?;
        assert!(gate.dropped.load(Ordering::SeqCst));
        let cancelled = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(cancelled.mailbox, pending.mailbox);
        assert_eq!(cancelled.state, Value::Integer(20));
        assert_eq!(cancelled.status, Status::Idle);
        assert_eq!(cancelled.queued, vec![test_message(1, 0, None)]);
        assert!(cancelled.reserved.is_none());
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn pause_preserves_active_invocation_and_resume_continues_it() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state + message.value }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(implementation, Value::Integer(10), capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(0, 7, None))?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(1));
        let before_pause = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(before_pause.status, Status::Running);
        assert_eq!(before_pause.state, Value::Integer(10));
        assert!(before_pause.reserved.is_some());

        runtime.pause(actor)?;
        assert!(runtime.pause(actor).is_err());
        for _ in 0..10 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(10));
        }
        let paused = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(paused.status, Status::Paused);
        assert_eq!(paused.state, before_pause.state);
        assert_eq!(paused.reserved, before_pause.reserved);

        runtime.resume(actor)?;
        assert!(runtime.resume(actor).is_err());
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(10));
        }
        let completed = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(completed.status, Status::Idle);
        assert_eq!(completed.state, Value::Integer(17));
        assert!(completed.reserved.is_none());
        let events = runtime.drain_events();
        assert!(
            events
                .iter()
                .any(|event| matches!(event, Event::Paused(id) if *id == actor))
        );
        assert!(
            events
                .iter()
                .any(|event| matches!(event, Event::Resumed(id) if *id == actor))
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn mailbox_capacity_and_runtime_failures_are_explicit() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state / message.value }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(5), capacity(1))?;
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(0, 0, None))?;
        assert!(runtime.send(actor, test_message(0, 1, None)).is_err());
        assert!(runtime.inspect(ActorRef::new()).is_err());
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(5));
        }
        assert!(matches!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Failed(_)));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(5));
        assert!(
            runtime
                .drain_events()
                .iter()
                .any(|e| matches!(e, Event::Failed(id, _) if *id == actor))
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn aggregate_self_sends_respect_capacity_without_partial_commit() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { ctx.send(message.target, #{kind: 0, value: 1, target: ()}); ctx.send(message.target, #{kind: 0, value: 2, target: ()}); 99 }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(5), capacity(1))?;
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(0, 0, Some(actor)))?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(5));
        }
        let snapshot = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert!(matches!(snapshot.status, Status::Failed(_)));
        assert_eq!(snapshot.state, Value::Integer(5));
        assert!(snapshot.queued.is_empty());
        assert!(snapshot.reserved.is_some());
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn invalid_transition_shape_fails_without_committing() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { Some(99) }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(5), capacity(1))?;
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(0, 1, None))?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(5));
        }
        let snapshot = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert!(matches!(snapshot.status, Status::Failed(_)));
        assert_eq!(snapshot.state, Value::Integer(5));
        assert!(snapshot.reserved.is_some());
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn behavior_installation_waits_for_handler_boundary() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut code = CodeStore::default();
        let first =
            code.compile("pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state + message.value }")?;
        let second = code
            .compile("pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state + message.value * 10 }")?;
        let first_id = first.implementation_id;
        let second_id = second.implementation_id;
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        runtime.publish(first)?;
        runtime.publish(second)?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(first_id, Value::Integer(0), capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(0, 1, None))?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(1));
        let active = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(active.implementation, first_id);
        assert!(runtime.install(actor, second_id).is_err());
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(10));
        }
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(1));
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(0, 2, None))?;
        runtime.install(actor, second_id)?;
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.implementation, second_id);
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(10));
        }
        let updated = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(updated.state, Value::Integer(21));
        assert_eq!(updated.implementation, second_id);
        assert!(
            runtime
                .drain_events()
                .iter()
                .any(|event| matches!(event, Event::BehaviorInstalled(id, version) if *id == actor && *version == second_id))
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn behavior_installation_migrates_state_atomically() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let old_implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state + message.value }",
        )?;
        let new_implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state * message.value }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(old_implementation, Value::Integer(7), capacity(2))?;

        runtime.install_with_migration(actor, new_implementation, |state| {
            let Value::Integer(state) = state else {
                return Err("expected integer".into());
            };
            Ok(Value::Integer(
                state.checked_mul(10).ok_or("state migration overflow")?,
            ))
        })?;

        let migrated = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(migrated.implementation, new_implementation);
        assert_eq!(migrated.state, Value::Integer(70));
        assert!(
            runtime
                .drain_events()
                .iter()
                .any(|event| matches!(event, Event::StateMigrated(id, Value::Integer(7), Value::Integer(70)) if *id == actor))
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn cancelled_input_retries_first_with_new_behavior() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let old_implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state + message.value }",
        )?;
        let new_implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state * 10 + message.value }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(old_implementation, Value::Integer(0), capacity(4))?;
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(0, 1, None))?;
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(0, 2, None))?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(1));

        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Running);
        runtime.cancel(actor)?;
        let cancelled = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(cancelled.status, Status::Idle);
        assert_eq!(cancelled.state, Value::Integer(0));
        assert_eq!(
            cancelled.queued,
            vec![test_message(0, 1, None), test_message(0, 2, None)]
        );
        assert!(cancelled.reserved.is_none());

        runtime.install(actor, new_implementation)?;
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(0, 3, None))?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(10));
        }
        let completed = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(completed.state, Value::Integer(123));
        assert_eq!(completed.implementation, new_implementation);
        assert!(
            runtime
                .drain_events()
                .iter()
                .any(|event| matches!(event, Event::InvocationCancelled(id) if *id == actor))
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn failed_state_migration_preserves_actor_state_and_implementation() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let old_implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state + message.value }",
        )?;
        let new_implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state * message.value }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(old_implementation, Value::Integer(7), capacity(2))?;

        assert!(
            runtime
                .install_with_migration(actor, new_implementation, |_| {
                    Err("unsupported state version".into())
                })
                .is_err()
        );

        let unchanged = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(unchanged.implementation, old_implementation);
        assert_eq!(unchanged.state, Value::Integer(7));
        assert!(
            !runtime
                .drain_events()
                .iter()
                .any(|event| matches!(event, Event::BehaviorInstalled(id, _) if *id == actor))
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn migration_is_not_run_outside_an_idle_handler_boundary() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        use std::cell::Cell;

        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let old_implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state + message.value }",
        )?;
        let new_implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state * message.value }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(old_implementation, Value::Integer(7), capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(actor, test_message(0, 1, None))?;
        runtime.tick(capacity(1));
        let called = Cell::new(false);

        assert!(
            runtime
                .install_with_migration(actor, new_implementation, |state| {
                    called.set(true);
                    let Value::Integer(state) = state else {
                        return Err("expected integer".into());
                    };
                    Ok(Value::Integer(state + 100))
                })
                .is_err()
        );
        assert!(!called.get());
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.implementation, old_implementation);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn restart_retries_failed_reservation_from_last_committed_state() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;

        let fail_once = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(true));
        let native_fail_once = Arc::clone(&fail_once);
        let mut module = rune::Module::new();
        module
            .function("fail_once", move || {
                native_fail_once.swap(false, Ordering::SeqCst)
            })
            .build()?;
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let code = runtime.publish(
            CodeStore::default().compile_with_module(
                "fn check() { if fail_once() { 1 / 0 } else { 0 } } pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { let _ = check(); state + message.value }",
                "test-fail-once:v1",
                module,
            )?,
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(10), capacity(3))?;
        let first = test_message(1, 2, None);
        let second = test_message(1, 3, None);
        runtime.send(actor, first.clone())?;
        runtime.send(actor, second.clone())?;
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(5));
        }

        let failed = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert!(matches!(failed.status, Status::Failed(_)));
        assert_eq!(failed.state, Value::Integer(10));
        assert_eq!(failed.reserved, Some(first.clone()));
        assert_eq!(failed.queued, vec![second.clone()]);
        assert!(runtime.send(actor, test_message(1, 4, None)).is_err());
        assert!(
            runtime
                .drain_events()
                .iter()
                .any(|event| matches!(event, Event::Failed(id, _) if *id == actor))
        );

        runtime.restart(actor)?;
        let restarted = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(restarted.actor_ref, failed.actor_ref);
        assert_eq!(restarted.mailbox, failed.mailbox);
        assert_eq!(restarted.implementation, failed.implementation);
        assert_eq!(restarted.incarnation, failed.incarnation + 1);
        assert_eq!(restarted.state, Value::Integer(10));
        assert_eq!(restarted.queued, vec![first.clone(), second.clone()]);
        assert_eq!(restarted.reserved, None);

        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(5));
        }
        let completed = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(completed.state, Value::Integer(15), "{completed:?}");
        assert_eq!(completed.status, Status::Idle);
        assert_eq!(completed.queued, Vec::<Message>::new());
        assert_eq!(completed.reserved, None);
        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn restart_preserves_reserved_and_queued_fifo_order() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let code = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            "pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { state * 10 + message.value }",
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(code, Value::Integer(0), capacity(3))?;
        let first = test_message(0, 1, None);
        let second = test_message(0, 2, None);
        let third = test_message(0, 3, None);
        runtime.send(actor, first.clone())?;
        runtime.send(actor, second.clone())?;
        runtime.send(actor, third.clone())?;

        runtime.tick(capacity(1));
        let running = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(running.status, Status::Running);
        assert_eq!(running.state, Value::Integer(0));
        assert_eq!(running.reserved, Some(first.clone()));
        assert_eq!(running.queued, vec![second.clone(), third.clone()]);

        runtime.restart(actor)?;
        let restarted = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(restarted.state, Value::Integer(0));
        assert_eq!(restarted.reserved, None);
        assert_eq!(
            restarted.queued,
            vec![first.clone(), second.clone(), third.clone()]
        );
        for _ in 0..100 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(5));
        }
        let completed = runtime.inspect(actor)?;
        assert_eq!(completed.state, Value::Integer(123));
        assert_eq!(completed.status, Status::Idle);
        assert_eq!(completed.queued, Vec::<Message>::new());
        assert!(completed.reserved.is_none());
        Ok(())
    }
    #[test]
    fn context_this_sends_to_self_and_cannot_be_reassigned() -> ExperimentResult<()> {
        let mut runtime = Runtime::default();
        let implementation = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            r#"
            pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) {
                if message == 1 { ctx.send(ctx.this, 2); }
                state + message
            }
        "#,
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(implementation, Value::Integer(0), capacity(4))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Integer(1))?;
        for _ in 0..20 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.state, Value::Integer(3));
        assert_eq!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Idle);
        let invalid = publish(
            &mut runtime,
            r#"
            pub fn handle(ctx, state, sender, message) { ctx.this = sender; state }
        "#,
        )?;
        let actor = runtime.spawn(invalid, Value::Null, capacity(2))?;
        runtime.send(actor, Value::Null)?;
        for _ in 0..10 {
            runtime.tick(capacity(32));
        }
        assert!(matches!(runtime.inspect(actor)?.status, Status::Failed(_)));
        Ok(())
    }
}